The Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) is NREL's flagship capacity planning model for the power sector.
The model simulates the evolution of the bulk power system—generation and transmission—from present day through 2050 or later.
Learn more about the ReEDS model, check out the user guide for suggestions on improving usage of the model, or watch a video training series. Each tutorial focuses on a different aspect of the model and includes a demonstration by a ReEDS developer. For additional questions on the model, please contact the ReEDS staff.
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For updates on the Open Access version of the ReEDS model, sign up for our newsletter.
Standard Scenarios and Examples
The ReEDS model informs a wide range of electricity sector research questions. These include clean energy policy, renewable energy integration, technology innovation, and other forward-looking generation and transmission infrastructure issues.
For examples of recent topics and trends observed in the ReEDS model, see the 2022 Standard Scenarios Report: A U.S. Electricity Sector Outlook.
Also, explore the model results in the Scenario Viewer and Data Downloader.
For a more comprehensive view of questions informed by the model, see our publications.
Publications
Zhou, Ella, Amgad Elgowainy, Andre Fernandes Tomon Avelino, Kwang Hoon Baek, Wesley Cole, Garvin Heath, Yijin Li, Weijia Liu, Vikram Ravi, Pingping Sun, Jiazi Zhang. 2023. "Markets, Resources, and Environmental and Energy Justice (MarkeRs-EEJ)." Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/PR-6A40-85324.
Cole, Wesley, Paul Denholm, Vincent Carag, Will Frazier. 2023. "The peaking potential of long-duration energy storage in the United States power system." Journal of Energy Storage Volume 62.
Cole, Wesley, Adithya Antonysamy, Patrick Brown, Brian Sergi, Trieu Mai, Paul Denholm. 2023. "How much might it cost to decarbonize the power sector? It depends on the metric." Energy Volume 276.
Bistline, John, Shannon Bragg-Sitton, Wesley Cole, Brent Dixon, Erich Eschmann, Jonathan Ho, Augustine Kwon, Laura Martin, Caitlin Murphy, Christopher Namovicz, Andrew Sowder. 2023. "Modeling nuclear energy's future role in decarbonized energy systems." iScience Volume 26 (Issue 2).
Murphy, Caitlin, Wesley Cole, John Bistline, Shannon Bragg-Sitton, Brent Dixon, Erich Eschmann, Jonathan Ho, Augustine Kwon, Laura Martin, Christopher Namovicz, and Andrew Sowder. 2023. Nuclear Power's Future Role in a Decarbonized U.S. Electricity System. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-84451.
Steinberg, Daniel C., Maxwell Brown, Ryan Wiser, Paul Donohoo-Vallett, Pieter Gagnon, Anne Hamilton, Matthew Mowers, Caitlin Murphy, and Ashreeta Prasana. 2023. Evaluating Impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law on the U.S. Power System. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-85242.
John Bistline et al. 2023. "Emissions and energy impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act." Science Volume 380.
Morgan Browning, James McFarland, John Bistline, Gale Boyd, Matteo Muratori, Matthew Binsted, Chioke Harris, Trieu Mai, Geoff Blanford, Jae Edmonds, Allen A Fawcett, Ozge Kaplan, John Weyant. 2023. "Net-zero CO2 by 2050 scenarios for the United States in the Energy Modeling Forum 37 study." Energy and Climate Change. Volume 4.
Paul Denholm, Patrick Brown, Wesley Cole, Trieu Mai, Brian Sergi, Maxwell Brown, Paige Jadun, Jonathan Ho, Jack Mayernik, Colin McMillan, and Ragini Sreenath. 2022. Examining Supply-Side Options to Achieve 100% Clean Electricity by 2035. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP- 6A40-81644.
Joshi, Prateek, Amy Rose, and Ilya Chernyakhovskiy. 2022. Role of Renewable Energy, Storage, and Demand Response in Karnataka's Power Sector Future. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A40-83463.
O'Shaughnessy, Eric, Kristen Ardani, Paul Denholm, Trieu Mai, Timothy Silverman, Jarett Zuboy, and Robert Margolis. 2022. "Policy-driven solar innovation and deployment remains critical for U.S. grid decarbonization." Joule Volume 6 (Issue 9): Page 1965-1968.
Mai, Trieu, Matt Mowers, Philipp Beiter, Anthony Lopez, and Patrick Brown. 2022. "The Determinants of Offshore Wind's Role in a Future U.S. Energy System: A Preliminary Modeling Sensitivity Analysis." NREL/PR-6A40-82101.
Mowers, Matthew, Bryan Mignone, and Daniel Steinberg. 2022. "Quantifying value and representing competitiveness of electricity system technologies in economic models." Applied Energy Volume 329.
Sergi, Brian, Greg Brinkman, Michael Emmanuel, Omar J. Guerra, Daniel Steinberg, and Bri-Mathias Hodge. 2022. Duke Energy Carbon-Free Resource Integration Study. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A40-82431.
Chernyakhovskiy, Ilya, Mohit Joshi, Sika Gadzanku, Sarah Inskeep, and Amy Rose. 2022. Opportunities for Renewable Energy, Storage, Vehicle Electrification, and Demand Response in Rajasthan's Power Sector. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A40-83240.
Schleifer, Anna, Caitlin Murphy, Wesley Cole, and Paul Denholm. 2022 "Exploring the design space of utility-scale PV-plus-battery system configurations under evolving grid conditions." Applied Energy Volume 308.
Ho, Jonathan, Caitlin Murphy, and Wesley Cole. 2022. "Nuclear's Role in the U.S. Electricity System: A Multi-Model Inter-Comparison Analysis." American Nuclear Society Annual Meeting.
J Bistline, A Sowder, S Bragg-Sitton, B Dixon, Wesley Cole, Jonathan Ho, Caitlin Murphy, A Kwon, L Martin, C Namovicz, and E Eschmann. 2022. Nuclear Energy in Long-Term System Models: A Multi-Model Perspective. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.TP#3002023698.
Murphy, Caitlin, Patrick Brown, and Vincent Carag. 2022. The Roles and Impacts of PV-Battery Hybrids in a Decarbonized U.S. Electricity Supply. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A40-82046.
Brown, Patrick, Pieter Gagnon, Sean Corcoran, and Wesley Cole. 2022. Retail Rate Projections for Long-Term Electricity System Models. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-78224.
Blair, Nate, Chad Augustine, Wesley Cole, Paul Denholm, Will Frazier, Madeline Geocaris, Jennie Jorgenson, Kevin McCabe, Kara Podkaminer, Ashreeta Prasanna, and Ben Sigrin. 2022. Storage Futures Study: Key Learnings for the Coming Decades. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A40-82046.
Gagnon, Pieter, and Wesley Cole. 2022. "Planning for the evolution of the electric grid with a long-run marginal emission rate." iScience Volume 23 (Issue 3).
McCabe, Kevin, Ashreeta Prasanna, Jane Lockshin, Parangat Bhaskar, Thomas Bowen, Ruth Baranowski, Ben Sigrin, and Eric Lantz. Distributed Wind Energy Futures Study. 2022. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-7A40-82519.
Brinkman, Gregory, Dominique Bain, Grant Buster, Caroline Draxl, Paritosh Das, Jonathan Ho, Eduardo Ibanez, et al. 2021. The North American Renewable Integration Study: A Canadian Perspective. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-79225.
Brinkman, Gregory, Dominique Bain, Grant Buster, Caroline Draxl, Paritosh Das, Jonathan Ho, Eduardo Ibanez, et al. 2021. The North American Renewable Integration Study: A U.S. Perspective. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-79224.
Chernyakhovskiy, Ilya, Mohit Joshi, David Palchak, and Amy Rose. 2021. Energy Storage in South Asia: Understanding the Role of Grid-Connected Energy Storage in South Asia's Power Sector Transformation. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-79915.
Cohen, Stuart M., Gokul C. Iyer, Maxwell Brown, Jordan Macknick, Marshall Wise, Matthew Binsted, Nathalie Voisin, Jennie Rice, and Mohamad Hejazi. 2021. "How Structural Differences Influence Cross-Model Consistency: An Electric Sector Case Study." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 144: 111009.
Cole, Wesley, Nathaniel Gates, and Trieu Mai. 2021. "Exploring the Cost Implications of Increased Renewable Energy for the U.S. Power System." The Electricity Journal 34(5): 106957.
Cole, Wesley J., Danny Greer, Paul Denholm, Will Frazier, Scott Machen, Trieu Mai, Nina Vincent, and Samuel F. Baldwin. 2021. "Quantifying the Challenge of Reaching a 100% Renewable Energy Power System for the United States." Joule 5(70): 1732–1748.
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2021. Solar Futures Study. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. DOE/GO-102021-5621.
Eurek, Kelly, Madeline Macmillan, and Wesley Cole. 2021. A Tutorial for Using an Open-Source Solver for the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) Model. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/PR-6A20-77907.
Eurek, Kelly, Caitlin Murphy, Wesley Cole, Will Frazier, Patrick Brown, and Anna Schleifer. 2021. Representing DC-Coupled PV+Battery Hybrids in a Capacity Expansion Model. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5C00-77917.
Frazier, A. Will , Wesley Cole, Paul Denholm, Scott Machen, Nathaniel Gates, and Nate Blair. 2021. Storage Futures Study: Economic Potential of Diurnal Storage in the U.S. Power Sector. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-77449.
Frew, Bethany. Emerging Trends in Power System Planning Models. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/PR-6A20-75933.
Ho, Jonathan, Jonathon Becker, Maxwell Brown, Patrick Brown, Ilya Chernyakhovskiy, Stuart Cohen, Wesley Cole, et al. 2021. Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) Model Documentation: Version 2020. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-78195.
Lantz, Eric, Garrett Barter, Patrick Gilman, David Keyser, Trieu Mai, Melinda Marquis, Matthew Mowers, et al. 2021. Power Sector, Supply Chain, Jobs, and Emissions Implications of 30 Gigawatts of Offshore Wind Power by 2030. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5000-80031.
Mai, Trieu, Anthony Lopez, Matthew Mowers, and Eric Lantz. 2021. "Interactions in Wind Energy Project Siting, Wind Resource Potential, and the Evolution of the U.S. Power System." Energy 223: 119998.
Mai, Trieu, Wesley Cole, Nathaniel Gates, and Daniel Greer. 2021. "The Prospective Impacts of 2019 State Energy Policies on the U.S. Electricity System." Energy Policy 149: 112013.
Mai, Trieu, Matthew Mowers, and Kelly Eurek. 2021. Competitiveness Metrics for Electricity System Technologies. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-72549.
Mignone, Bryan K., Matthew Binsted, Maxwell Brown, Darek Imadi, Haewon McJeon, Matthew Mowers, Sharon Showalter, Daniel C. Steinberg, and Frances Wood 2021. "Relative Cost-Effectiveness of Electricity and Transportation Policies as a Means to Reduce CO2 Emissions in the United States: A Multi-Model Assessment." Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy 11(1).
Murphy, Caitlin, Trieu Mai, Yinong Sun, Paige Jadun, Matteo Muratori, Brent Nelson, and Ryan Jones. 2021. Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Power System Evolution and Infrastructure Development for the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-72330.
Novacheck, Josh, and Marty Schwarz. 2021. Evaluating the Grid Impact of Oregon Offshore Wind. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A40-81244.
Rose, Amy, Ilya Chernyakhovskiy, David Palchak, Marty Schwarz, Sam Koebrich, and Mohit Joshi. 2021. Pathways for Tamil Nadu's Electric Power Sector: 2020–2030. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-78266.
Sergi, Brian, and Wesley Cole. Operating Reserves in ReEDS. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/PR-6A40-81706.
Bistline, John, Wesley Cole, Giovanni Damato, Joseph DeCarolis, Will Frazier, Vikram Linga, Cara Marcy, et al. 2020. "Energy Storage in Long-Term System Models: A Review of Considerations, Best Practices, and Research Needs." Progress in Energy 2(3): 032001.
Bistline, John E.T., Maxwell Brown, Sauleh A. Siddiqui, Kathleen Vaillancourt. 2020. "Electric Sector Impacts of Renewable Policy Coordination: A Multi-Model Study of the North American Energy System." Energy Policy 145 (October): 111707.
Brown, Maxwell, Wesley Cole, Kelly Eurek, Jon Becker, David Bielen, Ilya Chernyakhovskiy, Stuart Cohen, et al. 2020. Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) Model Documentation: Version 2019. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-74111.
Cole, Wesley, Sean Corcoran, Nathaniel Gates, Trieu Mai, and Paritosh Das. 2020. 2020 Standard Scenarios Report: A U.S. Electricity Sector Outlook. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-77442.
Cole, Wesley, Daniel Greer, Jonathan Ho, and Robert Margolis. 2020. "Considerations for Maintaining Resource Adequacy of Electricity Systems with High Penetrations of PV and Storage." Applied Energy 279: 115795.
Denholm, Paul, Jacob Nunemaker, Pieter Gagnon, Wesley J. Cole. 2020. "The Potential for Battery Energy Storage to Provide Peaking Capacity in the United States." Renewable Energy 151 (May): 1269–1277.
Diaz, Paul, Ryan King, Devon Sigler, Wesley Cole, and Wesley Jones. 2020. Uncertainty Quantification for Capacity Expansion Planning. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-2C00-76708.
Frazier, A. Will, Wesley J. Cole, Paul Denholm, Daniel Greer, Pieter Gagnon. 2020. "Assessing the Potential of Battery Storage as a Peaking Capacity Resource in the United States." Applied Energy 275 (October): 115385.
Gagnon, Pieter, Will Frazier, Elaine Hale, and Wesley Cole. 2020. Cambium Documentation: Version 2020. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-78239.
Murphy, Caitlin, Eliza Hotchkiss, Kate Anderson, Clayton Barrows, Stuart Cohen, Sourabh Dalvi, Nick Laws, et al. 2020. Adapting Existing Energy Planning, Simulation, and Operational Models for Resilience Analysis. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-74241.
Murphy, Caitlin, Trieu Mai, Yinong Sun, Paige Jadun, Paul Donohoo-Vallett, Matteo Muratori, Ryan Jones, and Brent Nelson. 2020. "High Electrification Futures: Impacts to the Bulk Power System." The Electricity Journal 33(10): 106878.
Rose, Amy, Ilya Chernyakhovskiy, David Palchak, Sam Koebrich, and Mohit Joshi. 2020. Least-Cost Pathways for India's Electric Power Sector. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-76153.
Siddiqui, Sauleh, Kathleen Vaillancourt, Olivier Bahn, Nadejda Victor, Christopher Nichols, Charalampos Avraam, Maxwell Brown. 2020. "Integrated North American Energy Markets Under Different Futures of Cross-Border Energy Infrastructure." Energy Policy 144 (September): 111658.
Steinberg, Daniel C., Bryan K. Mignone, Jordan Macknick, Yinong Sun, Kelly Eurek, Andrew Badger, Ben Livneh, and Kristen Averyt. 2020. "Decomposing Supply-Side and Demand-Side Impacts of Climate Change on the US Electricity System through 2050." Climatic Change 158: 125–139.
Sun, Yinong, Paige Jadun, Brent Nelson, Matteo Muratori, Caitlin Murphy, Jeffrey Logan, and Trieu Mai. 2020. Electrification Futures Study: Methodological Approaches for Assessing Long-Term Power System Impacts of End-Use Electrification. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-73336.
Augustine, Chad R., Jonathan L. Ho, and Nathan J. Blair. 2019. GeoVision Analysis Supporting Task Force Report: Electric Sector Potential to Penetration. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-71833.
Cohen, Stuart M., Jonathon Becker, David A. Bielen, Maxwell Brown, Wesley J. Cole, Kelly P. Eurek, Allister Frazier, et al. 2019. Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) Model Documentation: Version 2018. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-72023.
Cole, Wesley, Nathaniel Gates, Trieu Mai, Daniel Greer, and Paritosh Das. 2019. 2019 Standard Scenarios Report: A U.S. Electricity Sector Outlook. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-TP-6A20-74110.
Cole, Wesley J., and Nina M. Vincent. 2019. Historical Comparison of Capacity Build Decisions from the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) Model. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-71916.
Frazier, A. Will, Cara Marcy, and Wesley J. Cole. 2019. "Wind and Solar PV Deployment after Tax Credits Expire: A View from the Standard Scenarios and the Annual Energy Outlook." The Electricity Journal 32 (8): 106637.
Frew, Bethany, Wesley J. Cole, Paul Denholm, A. Will Frazier, Nina Vincent, Robert Margolis. 2019. "Sunny with a Chance of Curtailment: Operating the U.S. Grid with Very High Levels of Solar Photovoltaics." iScience 21 (November): 436–447.
Iyer, G. C., M. Brown, S. M. Cohen, J. Macknick, P. Patel, M. Wise, M. Binsted, and N. Voisin. 2019. "Improving Consistency among Models of Overlapping Scope in Multi-Sector Studies: The Case of Electricity Capacity Expansion Scenarios." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 116 (December): 109416.
Mai, Trieu, Wesley J. Cole, and Andrew Reimers. 2019. "Setting Cost Targets for Zero-Emission Electricity Generation Technologies." Applied Energy 250 (September): 582–592.
Miara, Ariel, Stuart M. Cohen, Jordan Macknick, Charles J. Vörösmarty, Fabio Corsi, Yinong Sun, Vincent C. Tidwell, et al. 2019. "Climate-Water Adaptation for Future U.S. Electricity Infrastructure." Environmental Science & Technology 53 (23): 14029-14040.
Murphy, Caitlin, Yinong Sun, Wesley Cole, Galen Maclaurin, Craig Turchi, and Mark Mehos. 2019. The Potential Role of Concentrating Solar Power within the Context of DOE's 2030 Solar Cost Target. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-71912.
Reimers, Andrew, Wesley Cole, and Bethany Frew. 2019. "The Impact of Planning Reserve Margins in Long-Term Planning Models of the Electricity Sector." Energy Policy 125 (February): 1–8.
Basore, Paul A., and Wesley J. Cole. 2018. "Comparing Supply and Demand Models for Future Photovoltaic Power Generation in the USA." Progress in Photovoltaics 26(6): 414–418.
Caron, Justin, Stuart M. Cohen, Maxwell Brown, and John M. Reilly. 2018. "Exploring the Impacts of a National U.S. CO2 Tax and Revenue Recycling Options with a Coupled Electricity-Economy Model." Climate Change Economics 9(1): 1840015-1–40.
Cohen, Stuart M., and Justin Caron. 2018. "The Economic Impacts of High Wind Penetration Scenarios in the United States." Energy Economics 76 (October): 558–73.
Cole, Wesley, Kelly Eurek, Nina Vincent, Trieu Mai, Matt Mowers, and Greg Brinkman. 2018. Operating Reserves in Long-term Planning Models. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/PR-6A20-71148.
Cole, Wesley, and A. Will Frazier. 2018. "Impacts of Increasing Penetration of Renewable Energy on the Operation of the Power Sector." The Electricity Journal, Special Issue: Energy Policy Institute's Eighth Annual Energy Policy Research Conference, 31 (10): 24–31.
Cole, Wesley, Will Frazier, Paul Donohoo-Vallett, Trieu Mai, and Paritosh Das. 2018. 2018 Standard Scenarios Report: A U.S. Electricity Sector Outlook. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-71913.
Cole, Wesley, Bethany Frew, Pieter Gagnon, Andrew Reimers, Jarett Zuboy, and Robert Margolis, 2018. "Envisioning a Low-Cost Solar Future: Exploring the Potential Impact of Achieving the SunShot 2030 Targets for Photovoltaics." Energy 155(15):690–704.
Frew, Bethany, Wesley Cole, Nina Vincent, Andrew Reimers, and Robert Margolis. 2018. "Impact of Dynamic Storage Capacity Valuation in Capacity Expansion Models: Preprint." Presented at the 2018 International Energy Workshop Gothenburg, Sweden June 19-21, 2018. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/CP-6A20-71462.
Hodson, Elke L., Maxwell Brown, Stuart Cohen, Sharon Showalter, Marshall Wise, Frances Wood, Justin Carone, et al. "U.S. Energy Sector Impacts of Technology Innovation, Fuel Price, and Electric Sector CO2 Policy: Results from the EMF 32 Model Intercomparison Study." Energy Economics 73: 352–370.
Jones-Albertus, Rebecca, Wesley Cole, Paul Denholm, David Feldman, Michael Woodhouse, and Robert Margolis. 2018. "Solar on the Rise: How Cost Declines and Grid Integration Shape Solar's Growth Potential in the United States." MRS Energy & Sustainability 5(E4).
Mai, Trieu. John Bistline, Yinong Sun, Wesley Cole, Cara Marcy, Chris Namovicz, and David Young. 2018. "The Role of Input Assumptions and Model Structures in Projections of Variable Renewable Energy: A Multi-Model Perspective of the U.S. Electricity System." Energy Economics 76: 313-324.
Mai, Trieu, Daniel Steinberg, Jeffrey Logan, David Bielen, Kelly Eurek, and Colin McMillan. 2018. "An Electrified Future for the U.S. Energy and Electricity Systems: Initial Scenarios and Future Research." IEEE Power & Energy Magazine. July/August: 34-47.
Sun, Yinong, Wesley Cole, and Venkat Krishnan. 2018. "Comparing Power Flow Approximations for Electricity Infrastructure Capacity Expansion Models with High Spatial Resolution." 2018 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D).
Zhou, Ella, Wesley Cole, and Bethany Frew. 2018. "Valuing Variable Renewable Energy for Peak Demand Requirements." Energy 165(2018): 499-511.
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