As part of the Transportation Energy Futures (TEF) project, the data contained in the TEF project's tables and figures are available here for download into Microsoft Excel or can be viewed in Adobe Acrobat as PDF documents.
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- ^(sprawl|density|population density|census|ppsm|metro area|single-family|weighted density|population center|populations?|mix|american housing survey|schools?|population-serving|density gradient|metropolitan|msas?|psas?|urban|blocks?)$
- ^(co2|emissions?|rates?|transient|smooth|driving|gallons per mile|g/mile|average speed|speeds?|moves|miles per gallon|mpg)$
- ^(vmt|vehicle miles traveled|census tract|census|ppsm|persons per square mile|density|dwelling units?|units?|2005|2035|cambridge|residential land)$
- ^(vkt|vehicle-kilometers|per capita|africa|latin america|asia|canada|oceania|europe|middle east|u.s.|united states|los angeles|san francisco|australia|johannesburg|seoul|taipei|density|persons per hectare)$
- ^(vmt|vehicle miles traveled|built environment|elasticity|elasticities|density|land use|jobs-housing|accessibility|transit|auto|design|diversity|populations?|households?|entropy index)$
- ^(water costs?|sewer costs?|water|sewer|new dwelling units?|dwellings?|units?|single-family|detached|attached|multifamily|rural|septic|suburban|package|urban|public)$
- ^(vehicle trips per capita|vehicle trips|income|daily trips?|private modes?|africa|latin america|asia|canada|oceania|europe|middle east|u.s.|united states|gdp|gross domestic product|capita)$
- ^(study|studies|land use|ghg reduction|trb special report|moving cooler|growing cooler|development|2050|compact|density|distance to transit|vmt|vehicle miles traveled|urban|fringe|light-duty vehicles?|ldv|baseline)$
- ^(unit|residential|infrastructure|costs?|infrastructure costs?|density|groups?|raw|infill|reuse|dwelling units per acres?|dwellings?)$
- ^(car|ownership|urban|density|africa|asia|canada|oceania|europe|middle east|u.s.|united states|passenger cars?|passenger cars per 1000 personspersons per hectare)$
- ^(modes?|mode shares?|census|census tract density|density|trips?|ppsm|persons per square mile|vehicle|walk|bike|2001|cambridge)$
- ^(road costs?|local|per person|population|density|ppsm|population density range|population density|units?|units per residential acre|developed|acres?|undeveloped|cambridge)$
- ^(tools?|methods?|assess|travel|energy|ghg impacts?|ghg|urban form|urban|four-step|travel demand modes?|travel demand|modes?|regional-scale|forecast|flow|mpos?|dot|department of transportation|regional|subregional|baseline|travel data|land use|models?|development|land|networks?|forecasts?|policy|policies|investment|patterns?|travel|agency|4-d|gis|geographic information systems?|municipal|neighborhood|urban density|municipal transportation and greenhouse gas model|muntag|moving cooler|population|housing and transportation affordability index|index|nhts|national household travel survey|structural equations?|causal|life-cycle)$
- ^(projected|housing demand|housing density|density|demand|2025|2003|generation y|attached|small-lot|large-lot|detached|units per acre)$
- ^(federal policy|federal programs?|federal|smart growth|zoning codes?|technical|marketing|planning|implementation|tax|lending policy|brownfield|h&t affordability index|low-income housing|regulation|political feasibility)$
- ^(top 10|influences?|american metropolis|metropolis|interstate|highway act|1956|federal housing administration|mortgage finance|urban renewal|1949 housing act|levittown|planned communities|racial segregation|discrimination|shopping malls?|sunbelt|air-conditioning|urban riots?)$
- ^(opportunity matrix|matrix|built environment strategies|built environment|federal authority|payoff|home mortage|interest|transit infrastructure|planning|transit|zoning|integrated planning|brownfield|tax credit|TOD|technical|federally funded)$
- ^(federal actions?|epa smart growth|epa|environmental protection agency|fhwa|hud|dot|sustainable communities|grants?|brownfield|tcsp|hope|choice neighborhoods?|tax|incentives?|land|development|regulation|policy|planning|department of transportation|housing and urban development|federal highway administration)$
- ^(travel reduction|travel|reduction|efficient driving|driving|efficient|strategies|VMT|vehicle miles traveled|pricing|real-time|traffic|parking|eco-driving|idle reduction|idle|transit|cordon|toll|tax|carbon|congestion|telework|alternative work|ridesharing|carsharing|marketing|multimodal|infrastructure)$
- ^(travel reduction|travel|reduction|efficient driving|driving|efficient|urban|transit|non-motorized|its|intelligent transportation systems?|speed management|speed|idle reduction|idle|pricing|roadway|land use|smart growth|eco-driving|emission|model|mobile6|moves|emfac)$
- ^(research|pricing|payd|insurance|pay as you drive|pilot|dot|department of transportation|mpos?|vmt|vehicle miles traveled|federal|fees?|congestion|shrp c10|transit|tcrp h-42|nonmotorized|parking management|parking|worksite trip|telework|alternative work|ridesharing|vanpooling|carsharing|marketing|real-time|multimodal|efficient driving|eco-driving)$
- ^(road|transports?|fuel|savings?|public|fare|service|bus|hov|carpools?|telecommutes?|driving)$
- ^(light duty|vehicle|co2|carbon|dioxide|2030|2050|land use|tdm|transit|parking|mileage|fees|fare)$
- ^(impacts?|pricing|ghg reduction|greenhouse gas|ghg|on-road|energy|payd|insurance|pricing|vmt fees?|vehicle miles traveled|congestion pricing|parking|trip reduction|telework|alternative work|ridesharing|carsharing|marketing|real-time|traffic information|eco-driving|idle)$
- ^(vmt|vehicle miles traveled|reduction|2035|greene|plotkin|policy|mitigation|tax|road|carbon|price|pay at the pump|insurance|planning|efficiency|ridesharing|land use|infrastructure)$
- ^(assessment|federal|policy|payd|insurance|pay as you drive|value pricing pilot|vmt|vehicle miles traveld|congestion|pricing|federal transportation reauthorization|nonmotorized|parking management|worksite trip|commute|telework|alternative work|ridesharing|carsharing|marketing|real-time|multimodal|its|intelligent transportation systems|efficient driving|eco-driving|idle reduction|anti-idling|truck stop electrification|driver training|smartway|epa|environmental protection agency)$
- ^(federal actions?|federal|planning|technical|guidelines?|travel demand|fea|federal enterprise architecture|fhwa|epa|environmental protection agency|federal highway administration|tcm|tdm|commuter|marketing|fueleconomy.gov|it all adds up to cleaner air|cmaq|enhancements?|tax|policy|caaa|transportation control measures?|transportation conformity requirements?|commuter)$
- ^(matrix|opportunity matrix|federal|travel reduction|efficient driving|idle reduction|transit improvement|pricing|vmt|vehicle miles traveled|carbon fee|payd|pay as you drive|eco-driving|congestion|commute|telework|alternative work|parking|real-time|traffic information|ridesharing|telecommuting|multimodal)$
- ^(research|pricing|payd|insurance|pay as you drive|pilot|dot|department of transportation|mpos?|vmt|vehicle miles traveled|federal|fees?|congestion|shrp c10|transit|tcrp h-42|nonmotorized|parking management|parking|worksite trip|telework|alternative work|ridesharing|vanpooling|carsharing|marketing|real-time|multimodal|efficient driving|eco-driving)$
- ^(fuel|distribution|marketing|costs?|ethanol|butanol|pyrolysis|ft|fischer tropsch|diesel|biodiesel|algal|algae|2020|2050)$
- ^(residue|forest|srwc|short rotation|woody|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soybean|supply curves?|feedstock|2050)$
- ^(wtw|wtt|well to wheel|well to tank|life cycle|ghg|emissions?|algal|algae|soybeans?|corn|stover|forest|residues?|switchgrass|woody|natural gas|crude|oil|coal|ccs|csp|concentrated|solar|ng|ct|combustion turbine|cc|combined cycle|nuclear|pv|photovoltaic|wind|bd|biodiesel|butanol|cng|compressed|cd|cg|gasoline|diesel|ft|fischer tropsch|lng|liquified|po|pyrolysis|distillate|renewable|rd|2020)$
- ^(agriculture|residues?|forest|grass(es)|srwc|woody|short rotation|corn|stover|barley|straws?|rice|cotton|gin|trash|oat|orchard|vineyard prunings|hulls?|sorghum|stubble|sugarcane|wheat|dust|conventional|treatment|thinnings?|mill|urban|waste|construction|demolition|municipal|msw|solid|integrated operations|removal|perennial|coppice|animal|fats?|manure|bt2|billion ton|update)$
- ^(feedstocks?|fuels?|markets?|electricity|electric|forest|residues?|srwc|short rotation|woody|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soybeans?|algae|algal|biopower|ethanol|butanol|pyrolysis|gasoline|diesel|jet|bunker|ft|fischer tropsch|biodiesel)$
- ^(residue|forest|srwc|short rotation|woody|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soybean|supply curves?|feedstock|2020)$
- ^(wtw|wtt|well to wheel|well to tank|life cycle|petroleum|consumption|algal|algae|soybeans?|corn|stover|forest|residues?|switchgrass|woody|natural gas|crude|oil|coal|ccs|csp|concentrated|solar|ng|ct|combustion turbine|cc|combined cycle|nuclear|pv|photovoltaic|wind|bd|biodiesel|butanol|cng|compressed|cd|cg|gasoline|diesel|ft|fischer tropsch|lng|liquified|po|pyrolysis|distillate|renewable|rd|2050)$
- ^(harvest|collection|transportation|storage|handling|queuing|feedstock|logistics?|transport|transportation|costs?|forest|residue|srwc|short rotation|woody|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soybean)$
- ^(wtw|wtt|well to wheel|well to tank|life cycle|ghg|emissions?|algal|algae|soybeans?|corn|stover|forest|residues?|switchgrass|woody|natural gas|crude|oil|coal|ccs|csp|concentrated|solar|ng|ct|combustion turbine|cc|combined cycle|nuclear|pv|photovoltaic|wind|bd|biodiesel|butanol|cng|compressed|cd|cg|gasoline|diesel|ft|fischer tropsch|lng|liquified|po|pyrolysis|distillate|renewable|rd|2050)$
- ^(pricing|gasoline|diesel|jet|bunker|fuels?|2020|2050)$
- ^(wtw|wtt|well to wheel|well to tank|life cycle|petroleum|consumption|algal|algae|soybeans?|corn|stover|forest|residues?|switchgrass|woody|natural gas|crude|oil|coal|ccs|csp|concentrated|solar|ng|ct|combustion turbine|cc|combined cycle|nuclear|pv|photovoltaic|wind|bd|biodiesel|butanol|cng|compressed|cd|cg|gasoline|diesel|ft|fischer tropsch|lng|liquified|po|pyrolysis|distillate|renewable|rd|2020)$
- ^(costs?|electric|electricity|generation|capital|net commodity index|fixed charge rate|fcr|fixed|variable|operation|maintenance|o&m|capacity factor|heat rate|nuclear|coal|natural gas|closed cycle|cc|combustion turbine|ct|re|renewable energy|biopower|wind|pv|solar|csp|photovoltaic|concentrated|2020)$
- ^(market|electricity|phev|plug in|hybrid|vehicle|electric|gasoline|diesel|jet|fuels?|bunker|biodiesel|e85|biomass derived|2020|2050)$
- ^(capital|costs?|capacity|operating|byproduct|credits?|feedstock|yield|fuel|lcoe|cellulosic|ethanol|butanol|pyrolysis|gasoline|diesel|ft|fischer tropsch|distillate|biodiesel|soybeans?|corn|algal|algae|cellulose|conversion|2020)$
- ^(capital|costs?|capacity|operating|byproduct|credits?|feedstock|yield|fuel|lcoe|cellulosic|ethanol|butanol|pyrolysis|gasoline|diesel|ft|fischer tropsch|distillate|biodiesel|soybeans?|corn|algal|algae|cellulose|conversion|2050)$
- ^(residue|wood|agriculture|corn|residential|commercial|industrial|eia|biomass|2010|2020|2050|consumption)$
- ^(fossil|fuels?|uranium|prices?|natural gas|coal|2020|2050|elasticity)$
- ^(costs?|electric|electricity|generation|capital|net commodity index|fixed charge rate|fcr|fixed|variable|operation|maintenance|o&m|capacity factor|heat rate|nuclear|coal|natural gas|closed cycle|cc|combustion turbine|ct|re|renewable energy|biopower|wind|pv|solar|csp|photovoltaic|concentrated|2035|2050)$
- ^(capital|costs?|fixed charge rate|operating|maintenance|integration|byproduct|credits?|capacity factor|heat rate|biomass|logistics?|transport|transportation|feedstock|yield|fuel|carbon|prices?|factors?|input|units?)$
- ^(2020|barrels?|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|petroleum|use|bunker|fuels?|jet|diesel|gas|gasoline|biofuels?|wtw|well to wheel)$
- ^(2050|metric|tons?|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|electricity|electric|coal|natural gas|ng|nuclear|bio|biopower|biomass|re|renewable|energy|ghg)$
- ^(2050|metric|tons?|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|electricity|electric|bunker|jet|diesel|gasoline|gas|fuels?|ghg)$
- ^(2050|barrels?|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|petroleum|use|fuels?|conventional|biofuels?|wtw|well to wheel)$
- ^(2020|barrels?|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|petroleum|use|fuels?|conventional|biofuels?|wtw|well to wheel)$
- ^(2050|barrels?|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|petroleum|use|bunker|fuels?|jet|diesel|gas|gasoline|biofuels?|wtw|well to wheel)$
- ^(2020|metric|tons?|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|electricity|electric|coal|natural gas|ng|nuclear|bio|biopower|biomass|re|renewable|energy|ghg)$
- ^(2020|mmbtu|electric|consumption|prices?|carbon|dioxide|emissions?|ng|natural gas|coal|quads?)$
- ^(2050|tons?|dt|consumption|fuels?|diesel|gasoline|jet|bunker|carbon|dioxide|40|80|emissions?|feedstock|biomass|electricity|electric|other)$
- ^(2050|market|share|electric|carbon|dioxide|emissions?|40|80|percent|biomass|variable|re|renewable|energy|other|natural gas|coal|nuclear|biopower)$
- ^(2020|gasoline|lcoe|gge|corn|ethanol|cellulosic|butanol|pyrolosis|bushels?|tons?|fuel|transport|nonfuel|conventional)$
- ^(2020|lcoe|mwh|fuels?|nonfuel|nuclear|coal|natural gas|ng|cc|combined cycles?|combustion|turbines?|other|re|renewable energy|biopower|wind|pv|photovoltaics?|csp|concentrated solar power)$
- ^(2020|diesel|jet|bunker|algal|algae|ft|fischer tropsch|soy|biodiesel|lcoe|gde|pyrolosis|bushels?|tons?|fuel|transport|nonfuel|conventional)$
- ^(2050|diesel|jet|bunker|algal|algae|ft|fischer tropsch|soy|biodiesel|lcoe|gde|pyrolosis|bushels?|tons?|fuel|transport|nonfuel|conventional)$
- ^(2050|gasoline|lcoe|gge|corn|ethanol|cellulosic|butanol|pyrolosis|bushels?|tons?|fuel|transport|nonfuel|conventional)$
- ^(2020|tons?|dt|consumption|fuels?|type|diesel|gasoline|gas|electric|electricity|ethanol|butanol|pyrolysis|ft|fischer tropsch|biodiesel|carbon|dioxide|40|80|emissions?|feedstock|biomass)$
- ^(2050|tons?|dt|consumption|fuels?|type|diesel|gasoline|gas|electric|electricity|ethanol|butanol|pyrolysis|ft|fischer tropsch|biodiesel|carbon|dioxide|40|80|emissions?|feedstock|biomass)$
- ^(2020|tons?|dt|consumption|type|carbon|dioxide|40|80|emissions?|feedstock|biomass|bau|business as usual|forest|residues?|srwc|short rotation woody crop|ag|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soy|soybeans?)$
- ^(2020|dry|tons?|dt|forest|residues?|supply|curves?|carbon|dioxide|emissions?|cost|co2|40|80|price|quantity)$
- ^(2050|tons?|dt|consumption|type|carbon|dioxide|40|80|emissions?|feedstock|biomass|bau|business as usual|forest|residues?|srwc|short rotation woody crop|ag|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soy|soybeans?)$
- ^(2050|lcoe|mwh|fuels?|nonfuel|nuclear|coal|natural gas|ng|cc|combined cycles?|combustion|turbines?|other|re|renewable energy|biopower|wind|pv|photovoltaics?|csp|concentrated solar power)$
- ^(2050|biomass|market|shares?|jet|diesel|gasoline|bunker|electricity|fuels?|carbon|dioxide|40|80|percent|emissions?)$
- ^(2020|bge|biofuel|production|fuels?|type|biodiesel|ft|fischer tropsch|pyrolysis|diesel|gasoline|butanol|ethanol|jet|bunker|carbon|dioxide|40|80|emissions?)$
- ^(2050|mmbtu|electric|consumption|prices?|carbon|dioxide|emissions?|ng|natural gas|coal|quads?)$
- ^(2050|bge|biofuel|production|fuels?|type|biodiesel|ft|fischer tropsch|pyrolysis|diesel|gasoline|butanol|ethanol|jet|bunker|carbon|dioxide|40|80|emissions?|algae|algal)$
- ^(2020|market|share|electric|carbon|dioxide|emissions?|40|80|percent|biomass|variable|re|renewable|energy|other|natural gas|coal|nuclear|biopower)$
- ^(2020|biomass|market|shares?|jet|diesel|gasoline|bunker|electricity|fuels?|carbon|dioxide|40|80|percent|emissions?)$
- ^(2020|metric|tons?|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|electricity|electric|bunker|jet|diesel|gasoline|gas|fuels?|ghg)$
- ^(2020|tons?|dt|consumption|fuels?|diesel|gasoline|jet|bunker|carbon|dioxide|40|80|emissions?|feedstock|biomass|electricity|electric|other)$
- ^(2020|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|barrels?|diesel|gas|gasoline|jet|bunker|petroleum|use|wtw|well to wheel|high|corn|soy|soybeans?|prices?)$
- ^(2020|carbon|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|biomass|consumption|feedstock|dry|tons?|dt|forest|residues?|srwc|short|rotation|woody|crops?|ag|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soy|soybeans?|high|prices?|lignocellulosic|cellulosic)$
- ^(2020|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|metric|tons?|diesel|gas|gasoline|electricity|jet|bunker|high|natural gas|ng|prices?)$
- ^(2020|carbon|bge|gal|gallons?|biofuels?|production|fuels?|biodiesel|ft|fischer|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|tropsch|diesel|algal|alg|algae|pyr|pyrolysis|gas|gasoline|butanol|ethanol|power|jet|bunker|high|lignocellulosic|cellulosic|biomass|prices?)$
- ^(2020|market|share|percent|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|biomass|natural gas|ng|variable|re|renewable|energy|other|coal|nuclear|electric|high|prices?)$
- ^(2020|carbon|bge|gal|gallons?|biofuels?|production|fuels?|biodiesel|ft|fischer|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|tropsch|diesel|algal|alg|algae|pyr|pyrolysis|gas|gasoline|butanol|ethanol|power|jet|bunker|high|ng|natural gas|prices?)$
- ^(2020|carbon|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|biomass|consumption|feedstock|dry|tons?|dt|forest|residues?|srwc|short|rotation|woody|crops?|ag|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soy|soybeans?|high|prices?|acres|agriculture|residues?|switchgrass|sg)$
- ^(2020|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|barrels?|diesel|gas|gasoline|jet|bunker|petroleum|use|wtw|well to wheel|low|oil|prices?)$
- ^(2020|dry|tons?|dt|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|feedstock|consumption|biomass|electric|electricity|gas|gasoline|diesel|jet|bunker|other|low|capital|base|biopower)$
- ^(2050|market|share|percent|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|biomass|natural gas|variable|re|renewable|energy|other|coal|nuclear|electric|low|heat|rate)$
- ^(2020|dry|tons?|dt|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|feedstock|consumption|biomass|electric|electricity|gas|gasoline|diesel|jet|bunker|other|low|oil|prices?)$
- ^(2050|carbon|bge|gal|gallons?|biofuels?|production|fuels?|biodiesel|ft|fischer|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|tropsch|diesel|algal|alg|algae|pyr|pyrolysis|gas|gasoline|butanol|ethanol|power|jet|bunker|research|development|no pyrolysis)$
- ^(2020|dry|tons?|dt|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|feedstock|consumption|biomass|electric|electricity|gas|gasoline|diesel|jet|bunker|other|capture|storage|ccs|power)$
- ^(2050|carbon|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|biomass|consumption|feedstock|dry|tons?|dt|forest|residues?|srwc|short|rotation|woody|crops?|ag|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soy|soybeans?|pyrolysis|no pyrolysis)$
- ^(2050|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|barrels?|diesel|gas|gasoline|jet|bunker|petroleum|use|biofuels?|pyrolysis|no pyrolysis|research|wtw|well to wheel|development)$
- ^(2050|dry|tons?|dt|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|feedstock|consumption|biomass|electric|electricity|gas|gasoline|diesel|jet|bunker|other|low|capital|base|heat rate|biopower)$
- ^(2020|carbon|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|biomass|consumption|feedstock|dry|tons?|dt|forest|residues?|srwc|short|rotation|woody|crops?|ag|agriculture|switchgrass|corn|soy|soybeans?|high|prices?)$
- ^(2020|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|metric|tons?|diesel|gas|gasoline|electricity|jet|bunker|high|corn|soy|soybeans?|prices?)$
- ^(2020|carbon|bge|gal|gallons?|biofuels?|production|fuels?|biodiesel|ft|fischer|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|tropsch|diesel|algal|alg|algae|pyr|pyrolysis|gas|gasoline|butanol|ethanol|power|jet|bunker|high|corn|soy|soybeans?|prices?)$
- ^(2050|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|barrels?|diesel|gas|gasoline|jet|bunker|petroleum|use|biofuels?|ccs|capture|storage|wtw|well to wheel|power)$
- ^(2020|market|share|percent|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|biomass|natural gas|ng|variable|re|renewable|energy|other|coal|nuclear|electric|low|oil|prices?)$
- ^(2050|costs?|performance|ccs|carbon|capture|storage|coal|igcc|integrated|gasification|combined|cycle|ng|natural gas|bio|biomass|capital|net|commodity|index|kw|kilowatt|fixed|operations|maintenance|variable|megawatt hours?|mwh|heat rate|btu)$
- ^(2020|market|share|percent|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|biomass|natural gas|variable|re|renewable|energy|other|coal|nuclear|low|base|capital|costs?|electric)$
- ^(2050|ccs|carbon|capture|storage|bge|gal|gallons?|biofuels?|production|fuels?|biodiesel|ft|fischer|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|tropsch|diesel|algal|alg|algae|pyr|pyrolysis|gas|gasoline|butanol|ethanol|power|jet|bunker)$
- ^(2020|carbon|bge|gal|gallons?|biofuels?|production|fuels?|biodiesel|ft|fischer|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|tropsch|diesel|algal|alg|algae|pyr|pyrolysis|gas|gasoline|butanol|ethanol|power|jet|bunker|low|oil|prices?)$
- ^(2050|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|metric|tons?|diesel|gas|gasoline|electricity|jet|bunker|pyrolysis|no pyrolysis|research|development)$
- ^(2020|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|metric|tons?|diesel|gas|gasoline|electricity|jet|bunker|low|oil|prices?)$
- ^(2050|carbon|fuels?|dioxide|costs?|40|80|co2|emissions?|metric|tons?|diesel|gas|gasoline|electricity|jet|bunker|capture|storage|ccs|power)$
- ^(2050|market|share|percent|co2e|emissions|carbon|dioxide|cost|40|80|fuels?|biomass|natural gas|variable|re|renewable|energy|other|coal|nuclear|electric|ccs|capture|storage|power|biopower)$
- ^(non-regulated|regulated|growth rates?|market shares?|zoepf|market|penetration|light-duty vehicles?|technology|peak)$
- ^(maximum|rates?|technology|penetration|technology|pathways?|spark ignition|si|conventional si|advanced si|hybrid|vehicles?|cars?|electric|ev|plug-in hybrid|phev|paths?)$
- ^(vehicles?|cars?|sales?|stocks?|vmt|vehicle miles traveled|miles?|technology|new|model|vision|ldv|light-duty vehicles?|attributes?)$
- ^(timeline|major|technology|rollouts?|vehicles?|cars?|commercialization|goals?|lab|scale|years?|volume|models?|intro|introduction|learning|mass|markets?|saturation|automakers?|models?|first|entrants?|new)$
- ^(cars?|vehicles?|fleets?|penetration|significant use|first|sales?|fractions?|continuously|variable|transmissions?|valve|port fi|multivalve|front drive|lockup|new|introduction)$
- ^(time scales?|implementation|stages?|technology|impacts?|bandivadekar|vehicles?|markets?|competitive|penetration|new|production|fleet|time|gasoline|direct injection|turbocharged|diesel|particulate|nox|catalysts?|gasoline|engines?|battery-motor|hybrids?|plug-in hybrids?|phev|bev|fuel cells?|hydrogen|storage|passenger|cars?)$
- ^(revised|maximum|technology|penetration|rates?|epa|environmental protection agency|nhtsa|national|highway|traffic|safety|administration|convention|si|spark ignition|turbocharging|cooled|erg|exhaust gas recirculation|advanced|diesel|p2|electric|hybrids?|ev|battery|electric|vehicles?|cars?|bev|plug-in|phev|parallel)$
- ^(ldv|light-duty|vehicles?|sales?|fractions?|hydrogen|fcv|fuel cell|national research|council|transitions to alternative transportation|technologies|2008|board|energy and environmental|systems?|case|accel|partial|hfcv|h2|gasoline)$
- ^(scenario|80|percent|ghg|greenhouse gas|ca|california|ldv|light-duty|vehicles?|fleets?|ice|on-road|h2|hydrogen|fcv|fuel cell|ev|electric|phev|plug-in|hybrid|ogden|anderson|gasoline|diesel|biofuels?|e-85|ethanol|ffv|flex fuel|bev|battery)$
- ^(advanced|gasoline|hybrid|h2|fuel|cells?|hytrans|vehicles?|technology|market|shares?|greene|leiby|bowman)$
- ^(innovators?|early adopters?|early majority|late majority|laggards?|s-shaped|penetration curve|markets?|productivity improvements?|visionaries|pragmatists?|diffusion|logistic curve|rogers|pro-innovation bias|diffusing innovations?|critical mass|takeoff|chasm|disruptive technology|penetration)$
- ^(suppliers?|parts?|vehicles?|manufacturers?|weighted average|cost|capital|wacc|rate of return|required rate of return|rrr|discount|rate|net present value|npv|investment)$
- ^(cash flow|cf|option to abandon|abandon|case|pv|nominal|present value|investment|good|poor|markets?|wacc|weighted average cost of capital|discount|multiplier|stages?)$
- ^(devision tree|abandon|uncertainty|investment|decision|stage|first|second|market)$
- ^(investments?|low|high|volumes?|models?|nominal|pv|present values?|cost|capital|discount factor|df)$
- ^(values?|decision|tree|branch|uncertainty|events?|node|good|poor|abandon|good|poor|investments?|first|second|suck cost|expected)$
- ^(input|terminal|values?|investments?|cash|flows?|branches|decision|tree|good|poor|abandon|first|second|markets?)$
- ^(decision|events?|nodes?|uncertainty|markets?|low|high|volumes?|investments?|tree|first|second|good|poor|vehicles?)$
- ^(input|investments?|decision node|discounted|pv|present value|abandon|stages?|good|poor|node|decision|tree)$
- ^(assign|decision|trees?|good|poor|low|high|markets?|abandon|branch|values?|decision|uncertainty|event|node)$
- ^(net|cash flows?|cfs?|nominal|present values?|pvs?|investments?|high|low|model|volumes?|cost|capital|good|poor|markets?)$
- ^(input|investments?|decision|tree|nodes?|discounted|present value|pvs?|low|high|volumes?|good|poor|markets?|independent|abandon)$
- ^(input|cf|cash flows?|events?|node|discounted|pv|present value|cash|low|high|volume|models?|good|poor|abandon|revenue|decision|trees?)$
- ^(input|decision|trees?|terminal|points?|nodes?|cash flows?|cfs?|branches|good|poor|high|low|models?|volumes?|terminal|values?|end)$
- ^(input|cf|cash flows?|event|node|terminal|values?|branch|discounted|present value|stages?|good|poor|abandon|markets?|second|first|decision|tree)$
- ^(simulated|industry|cash|flow|sales?|fcv|fuel cell|vehicles?|no policy|case|scenario)$
- ^(lithium|li|ion|capital|costs?|nelson|battery|baseline|power|capacity)$
- ^(implied|compensating|value|variation|cv|iv|collantes|vehicles?|ranges?|100 miles|nominal|income|purchasers?)$
- ^(severity|ranking|barriers?|order|consumers?|range|limitations?|limited|cost|charging|stations?|fueling|long|times?|bias|negative|differences?|standards?|uncertainty|benefits?|models?|regulations?|makes?)$
- ^(non-cost|barriers?|severity|policy|effectiveness|cost|governing|policy|policies|challenges?|driving|vehicles?|range|pilot|programs?|consumers?|fueling|limited|charging|stations?|mobility|bev|battery|electric|bias|uncertainty|technology|driver|early|adopters?|information|social|behavioral|outreach|standards?|preferences?)$
- ^(energy|consumption|mode|2009|trucks?|bus|buses|marine|pipelines?|rail|off-road)$
- ^(non-ldv|light-duty|vehicles?|highway|non-highway|off-road|energy use|mode|davis|buss?|heavy|medium|rail|trucks?|pipeline|marine|air|2009)$
- ^(medium|heavy|single|units?|combination|vmt|vehicles?|vehicle miles traveled|vius|trucks?|fuel|duty)$
- ^(speed|reduction|fuel|savings?|air|resistance|tractor|trailer|horsepower|diesel|fuel|hour|miles per hour|mph)$
- ^(medium|heavy|trucks?|energy|index|growth|tef|transportation energy futures?|vmt|vehicle miles traveled|activity|aeo|annual energy outlook|projection|demand|reduction)$
- ^(trucks?|capital|cost|incremental|fuel|efficiency|improvements?|heavy|medium|tractor|trailer|box|class|8|engine|transmission|driveline|hybrid|aerodynamics?|tires?|weight|material|substitution|resistance|duals?|hybrid|tractor|price|cost|ccprfr|capital cost per perfect fuel reduction)$
- ^(air|rolling|resistance|velocity|mph|miles per hour|combination|trucks?|horsepower)$
- ^(medium|heavy|duty|trucks?|fuel|intensity|gallons?|ton-miles?|gallons per ton-mile)$
- ^(aerodynamic|tractor|devices?|nas|bumper|chassis|fairing|cab|extender|roof|aero|mirror|trucks?|efficiency)$
- ^(aerodynamic|tractor|trailer|side skirts?|boat tail|efficiency|trucks?)$
- ^(trucks?|fuel|intensity|efficiency|improvement|potential|reduction|2050|energy|transmission|turbocompounding|friction|electric|auxiliariesfuel injection|real-time|combustion|bottoming|manual|automatic|transmission|driveline|hybrid|powertrain|congested|vocation|stop-and-go|take-off|aerodynamics?|rolling|resistance|tires?|weight|reduction|idle|speed)$
- ^(truck|category|vehicles?|weight|class|gvw|medium|heavy|eia|energy information administration|bucket|utility|school bus|transit|tractor-trailer|tanker)$
- ^(summary|aviation|energy-intensity|efficiency|energy|improvements?|potential|fuel|reduction|base|projection|year|operations?|bau|business as usual|turbofans?|lightweight|materials?|aerodynamics?|lamellar|flow|controls?|blended|wings?|body|operations?|improvements?|light-weight|substitution|rollover|models?|fleets?|advanced|technology|engines?|truss|braced|hybrid|electric|bubble|propulsion)$
- ^(america|marine|highway|corridors?|domestic|coastal|inland|connector|interstate|crossing)$
- ^(improvement|fuel|burn|design|range|aircraft|new|1960|2008|seat-km|ton-km|efficiency)$
- ^(energy|intensity|fuel|use|ship|type|bulk|carrier|oil|products?|tanker|general|cargo|container|vessel|coastal|roro|rail|truck|co2/ton-mile|efficiency)$
- ^(marine|energy|growth|projections?|index|domestic|international|aeo|annual energy outlook|reductions?|aggressive|tef|transportation energy futures?|2050|2035|activity)$
- ^(aircraft|efficiency|open|rotor|propulsion|design)$
- ^(aircraft|efficiency|winglets|nasa|design)$
- ^(aircraft|efficiency|blended|wing|body|nasa|design)$
- ^(aviation|activity|energy|growth|faa|forecast|consumption|revenue|passengers?|miles?|tef|transportation energy futures?|forecast|rate|2050|index)$
- ^(pew|imo|iea|study|co2|saving|ton-miles?|international|maritime|fuels?|potential|2050|technology|speed|reduction|routing|propellers?|engines?|combined-cycle|diesel|light-weight|materials?|lng|natural gas|low|carbon|fuels?|fins?|ducts?|contra-rotating|ports?|optimization|voyage|management|new|design|retrofits?)$
- ^(1970|2009|class i|freight|railroads?|energy|intensity|efficiency|historical|fuels?|improvements?|economy|davis|btu/ton-mile)$
- ^(ghg|greenhouse gases|emissions?|reduction|potential|technical|inland|shipping|options?|engines?|short|propeller|hull|economies of scale|computer|assisted|speed|management|design|existing|new|lightweight|air|lubrication|white tail|experimental|diesel|electric)$
- ^(global|marine|ship|fuel|type|iea|containers?|cargo|bulk|carriers?|tankers?|oil|passengers?|vehicles?|ro-ro|reductions?|measures?)$
- ^(icf|range|rail|cars?|fuel|efficiencies|efficiency|fuel economy|ton-mile/gallons?|double|stack|covered|hopper|box|tank|tofc|auto|rack|type)$
- ^(freight|railroad|rail|activity|energy|consumption|growth|forecast|index|aeo|annual energy outlook|tmt|tef|transportation energy futures|coal|bulk|reductions?)$
- ^(coastal|shipping|technology|options?|fuel|co2|reduction|skinner|hazeldine|payback|time|ship|alternative|energy|engines?|propellers?|hull|new|design|optimization|long|short|medium|sails?|kites?|flettner|rotors?|lng|fuel|waste|heat|recovery|upgrade|common rail|fins?|thrusters?|contra-rotating|design|weight|reduction|transverse|thruster|opening|grids?|flow|optimization|coatings?|air lubrication|upgrades?)$
- ^(off-road|road|subsector|sector|equipment|type|air|rail|recreational|watercraft|lawn|garden|personal|agriculture|construction|industrial|mining|forestry|oil|fields?)$
- ^(trends?|department of defense|dod|energy|consumption|use|eia|energy information administration)$
-
Beyond the LDV Sector
-
1. Introduction
-
Figure 1.1. Non-LDV energy use by mode
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Table 1.1. Energy Consumption by Mode
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-
Figure 1.1. Non-LDV energy use by mode
-
2. Highway Modes
-
Figure 2.1. Truck fuel use and VMT
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Figure 2.2. Average medium and heavy truck fuel intensity
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Figure 2.3. Aerodynamic tractor devices
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Figure 2.4. Combination truck rolling resistance by velocity
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Figure 2.5. Aerodynamic devices: side skirts and boat tail
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Figure 2.6. Speed reduction fuel savings
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Figure 2.7. Truck activity and energy growth
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Table 2.1. Truck Categories and Gross Vehicle Weight Classes
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Table 2.2. Truck Energy Intensity Improvement Potential
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Table 2.3. Truck Incremental Capital Cost for Energy Efficiency Improvements
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-
Figure 2.1. Truck fuel use and VMT
-
3. Non-Highway Modes
-
Figure 3.1. Average fuel burn for a new aircraft
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Figure 3.2. Open rotor propulsion
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Figure 3.3. Winglets
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Figure 3.4. Blended wing body
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Figure 3.5. Aviation activity and energy consumption
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Figure 3.6. Marine Highway Corridors
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Figure 3.7. Ship CO2 emissions intensity compared to rail and truck
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Figure 3.8. Global marine fuel use by ship type
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Figure 3.9. Marine energy growth projections
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Figure 3.10. Range of rail car fuel efficiencies
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Figure 3.11. Energy Intensity - Class I Railroads
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Figure 3.12. Freight Rail Activity & Energy Growth
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Table 3.1. Aviation Energy-Intensity Improvement Potential
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Table 3.2. 2050 International Maritime Fuel and CO2 Savings Potential
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Table 3.3. Fuel and CO2 Reduction Coastal Shipping Options
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Table 3.4. GHG Reduction Potential for Inland Shipping Options
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-
Figure 3.1. Average fuel burn for a new aircraft
-
4. Off-road Equipment
-
Table 4.1. Off-Road Subsectors and Equipment Type
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-
Table 4.1. Off-Road Subsectors and Equipment Type
-
5. Military
-
Figure 5.1. Department of Defense energy consumption
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-
Figure 5.1. Department of Defense energy consumption
- A. Appendix
-
1. Introduction
-
Biomass Utilization
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Other Analyses
-
3. Methodology and Default Data
-
Figure 3.1. 2020 Supply Curves
corn and soybean lines static use of supply curves from 2019 for 2020 and 2050 from [32] forest residue, switchgrass, SRWC, ag residue lines baseline scenario of [813] soybean and corn grain lines static use of supply curves from 2019 for 2020 and 2050 from [32] short-rotation woody crop, forest residue, agricultural residue and switchgrass lines baseline scenario of [813] carbon00, carbon40 and carbon80 scenarios results from runs of [9] -
Figure 3.2. 2050 Supply Curves
corn and soybean lines static use of supply curves from 2019 for 2020 and 2050 from [32] forest residue, switchgrass, SRWC, ag residue lines baseline scenario of [813] -
Figure 3.3. Feedstock Logistic and Transport Costs
forest residue, SRWC, ag residue and switchgrass x-axis values Version 6.45 of [7] corn x-axis value [82] soybean x-axis value [686] -
Figure 3.4. Fuel Distribution and Marketing Costs
ethanol and biodiesel x-axis categories, 2020 and 2050 bars values based on a delivery cost calculator that the authors of [703] developed from [575] and [854] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] gasoline pyrolysis, diesel pyrolysis, FT diesel and algal diesel x-axis categories, 2020 and 2050 bars 2020 values from table 131 of reference case in [230] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] butanol x-axis category, 2020 bar values for ethanol based on a delivery cost calculator that the authors of [703] developed from [575] and [854] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] butanol x-axis category, 2050 bar 2020 values for gasoline from table 131 of reference case in [230] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] -
Figure 3.5. 2020 Life Cycle GHG Estimates
BD - soybeans, CN, CD, CG, ethanol, F-T distillate and LN x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] BD - algae and RD x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and version 3.19a of [704] PO-D and PO-G x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and a SimaPro v.7.2 model of pyrolysis oil processing to gasoline and diesel from [423] electricity without CCS x-axis value 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and 80% renewables projections from [532] butanol x-axis value 2020 assumptions for lignocellulosic ethanol pathways from version 1.8d of [88] modified based on [764] and [580] electricity with CCS x-axis value 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and 80% renewables projections from [532] with energy losses taken from [738] -
Figure 3.6. 2050 Life Cycle GHG Estimates
BD - soybeans, butanol, CN, CD, CG, ethanol, F-T distillate and LN x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] BD - algae and RD x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and version 3.19a of [704] PO-D and PO-G x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and a SimaPro v.7.2 model of pyrolysis oil processing to gasoline and diesel from [423] electricity without CCS x-axis value 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and 80% renewables projections from [532] butanol x-axis value 2020 assumptions for lignocellulosic ethanol pathways from version 1.8d of [88] modified based on [764] and [580] electricity with CCS x-axis value 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and 80% renewables projections from [532] with energy losses taken from [738] -
Figure 3.7. 2020 Life Cycle Petroleum Consumption
BD - soybeans, CN, CD, CG, ethanol, F-T distillate and LN x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] BD - algae and RD x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and version 3.19a of [704] PO-D and PO-G x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and a SimaPro v.7.2 model of pyrolysis oil processing to gasoline and diesel from [423] electricity without CCS x-axis value 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and 80% renewables projections from [532] butanol x-axis value 2020 assumptions for lignocellulosic ethanol pathways from version 1.8d of [88] modified based on [764] and [580] electricity with CCS x-axis value 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and 80% renewables projections from [532] with energy losses taken from [738] -
Figure 3.8. 2050 Life Cycle Petroleum Consumption
BD - soybeans, CN, CD, CG, ethanol, F-T distillate and LN x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] BD - algae and RD x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and version 3.19a of [704] PO-D and PO-G x-axis values 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and a SimaPro v.7.2 model of pyrolysis oil processing to gasoline and diesel from [423] electricity without CCS x-axis value 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and 80% renewables projections from [532] butanol x-axis value 2020 assumptions for lignocellulosic ethanol pathways from version 1.8d of [88] modified based on [764] and [580] electricity with CCS x-axis value 2020 assumptions from version 1.8d of [88] and 80% renewables projections from [532] with energy losses taken from [738] -
Table 3.1. Feedstocks, Fuels, Markets
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Table 3.2. Categorization of BT2 Biomass Types
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Table 3.3. EIA Biomass Consumption
residential, commercial and industrial rows; 2050 column table 17 of reference case in [230] extrapolated to 2050 using yearly increment computed as the average slope between 2030 and 2035 residential, commercial and industrial rows; 2010 and 2020 columns table 17 of reference case in [230] wood residue, ag residue and corn rows; residential and commercial headings disaggregated using table 2 of [229] wood residue, ag residue and corn rows; industrial heading disaggregated using table 1.8 of [229] -
Table 3.4. Data Inputs
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Table 3.5. 2020 Conversion Data
total capital cost row; cellulosic ethanol column cellulosic ethanol capital costs from 2007 dollars in [427] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; cellulosic ethanol column [427] operating costs row; cellulosic ethanol column cellulosic ethanol operating costs from 2007 dollars in [427] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; cellulosic ethanol column cellulosic ethanol byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [427] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; cellulosic ethanol column [427] fuel LCOE row; cellulosic ethanol column cellulosic ethanol fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; cellulosic butanol column cellulosic butanol capital costs from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; cellulosic butanol column [764] operating costs row; cellulosic butanol column cellulosic butanol operating costs from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; cellulosic butanol column cellulosic butanol byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; cellulosic butanol column [764] fuel LCOE row; cellulosic butanol column cellulosic butanol fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns pyrolysis capital costs from 2007 dollars in [467] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns [467] operating costs row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns pyrolysis operating costs from 2007 dollars in [467] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns pyrolysis byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [467] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns [467] fuel LCOE row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns pyrolysis fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; FT distillate diesel column FT distillate diesel capital costs from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; FT distillate diesel column [757] operating costs row; FT distillate diesel column FT distillate diesel operating costs from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; FT distillate diesel column FT distillate diesel byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; FT distillate diesel column [757] fuel LCOE row; FT distillate diesel column FT distillate diesel fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; biodiesel from soybeans column biodiesel from soybeans capital costs from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; biodiesel from soybeans column [757] operating costs row; biodiesel from soybeans column biodiesel from soybeans operating costs from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; biodiesel from soybeans column biodiesel from soybeans byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; biodiesel from soybeans column [757] fuel LCOE row; biodiesel from soybeans column biodiesel from soybeans fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; corn butanol column corn butanol capital costs from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; corn butanol column [764] operating costs row; corn butanol column corn butanol operating costs from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; corn butanol column corn butanol byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; corn butanol column [764] fuel LCOE row; corn butanol column corn butanol fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; algal diesel column algal diesel capital costs from 2007 dollars in [204] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; algal diesel column [204] operating costs row; algal diesel column algal diesel operating costs from 2007 dollars in [204] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; algal diesel column algal diesel byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [204] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; algal diesel column [204] fuel LCOE row; algal diesel column algal diesel fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; corn ethanol column corn ethanol capital costs from 2007 dollars in [763] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; corn ethanol column [763] operating costs row; corn ethanol column corn ethanol operating costs from 2007 dollars in [763] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; corn ethanol column corn ethanol byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [763] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; corn ethanol column [763] fuel LCOE row; corn ethanol column corn ethanol fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] -
Table 3.6. 2050 Conversion Data
total capital cost row; cellulosic ethanol column cellulosic ethanol capital costs from 2006 dollars in [509] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; cellulosic ethanol column [509] operating costs row; cellulosic ethanol column cellulosic ethanol operating costs from 2006 dollars in [509] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; cellulosic ethanol column cellulosic ethanol byproduct credits from 2006 dollars in [509] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; cellulosic ethanol column [509] fuel LCOE row; cellulosic ethanol column cellulosic ethanol fuel LCOE from 2006 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; cellulosic butanol column percent change in cellulosic ethanol capital cost from 2020 to 2050 as was found in [509] was applied to 2020 cellulosic butanol capital cost capacity row; cellulosic butanol column [764] operating costs row; cellulosic butanol column cellulosic butanol operating costs from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; cellulosic butanol column cellulosic butanol byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; cellulosic butanol column [764] fuel LCOE row; cellulosic butanol column cellulosic butanol fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns percent change in cellulosic ethanol capital cost from 2020 to 2050 as was found in [509] was applied to 2020 pyrolysis capital cost capacity row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns percent change in cellulosic ethanol capacity from 2020 to 2050 as was found in [509] was applied to 2020 pyrolysis capacity operating costs row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns pyrolysis operating costs from 2007 dollars in [467] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns pyrolysis byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [467] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns used change in yield from 2020 to 2050 similar to cellulosic ethanol in [509] fuel LCOE row; pyrolysis gasoline and diesel columns pyrolysis fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; FT distillate diesel column percent change in cellulosic ethanol capital cost from 2020 to 2050 as was found in [509] was applied to 2020 FT distillate diesel capital cost capacity row; FT distillate diesel column percent change in cellulosic ethanol capacity from 2020 to 2050 as was found in [509] was applied to 2020 FT distillate diesel capacity operating costs row; FT distillate diesel column FT distillate diesel operating costs from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; FT distillate diesel column FT distillate diesel byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; FT distillate diesel column used change in yield from 2020 to 2050 based on expert judgement from the authors of [703] fuel LCOE row; FT distillate diesel column FT distillate diesel fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; biodiesel from soybeans column biodiesel from soybeans capital costs from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; biodiesel from soybeans column [757] operating costs row; biodiesel from soybeans column biodiesel from soybeans operating costs from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; biodiesel from soybeans column biodiesel from soybeans byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [757] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; biodiesel from soybeans column [757] fuel LCOE row; biodiesel from soybeans column biodiesel from soybeans fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; corn butanol column percent change in cellulosic ethanol capital cost from 2020 to 2050 as was found in [509] was applied to 2020 corn butanol capital cost capacity row; corn butanol column [764] operating costs row; corn butanol column corn butanol operating costs from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; corn butanol column corn butanol byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [764] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; corn butanol column [764] fuel LCOE row; corn butanol column corn butanol fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; algal diesel column algal diesel capital costs from 2007 dollars in [204] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; algal diesel column [204] operating costs row; algal diesel column algal diesel operating costs from 2007 dollars in [204] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; algal diesel column algal diesel byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [204] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; algal diesel column [204] fuel LCOE row; algal diesel column algal diesel fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] total capital cost row; corn ethanol column corn ethanol capital costs from 2007 dollars in [763] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] capacity row; corn ethanol column [763] operating costs row; corn ethanol column corn ethanol operating costs from 2007 dollars in [763] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] byproduct credits row; corn ethanol column corn ethanol byproduct credits from 2007 dollars in [763] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] feedstock yield row; corn ethanol column [763] fuel LCOE row; corn ethanol column corn ethanol fuel LCOE from 2007 dollars converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] -
Table 3.7. Pricing Data
gasoline and diesel in 2020 rows table 3 of reference case in [230] converted from $/MMBtu to $/gal using table 147 of [230]and converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218], subtracting tax amount found in [231] gasoline and diesel in 2050 rows table 3 of reference case in [230] converted from $/MMBtu to $/gal using table 147 of [230] and converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218], subtracting tax amount found in [231] and extrapolating to 2050 by taking a yearly increment that is computed as the average slope between 2030 and 2035 jet fuel and bunker fuel in 2020 rows table 3 of reference case in [230] converted from $/MMBtu to $/gal using table 147 of [230]and converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218], subtracting federal tax amount found in [230]and estimated state tax using ratio of federal to state taxes for gasoline found in [231] jet fuel and bunker fuel in 2050 rows table 3 of reference case in [230] converted from $/MMBtu to $/gal using table 147 of [230]and converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218], subtracting federal tax amount found in [230]and estimated state tax using ratio of federal to state taxes for gasoline found in [231] and extrapolating to 2050 by taking a yearly increment that is computed as the average slope between 2030 and 2035 -
Table 3.8. Market Size Data
electricity and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) - electricity in 2020 rows table 8 of reference case in [230] converted from billion kWh to MWh electricity and PHEV - electricity in 2050 rows table 8 of reference case in [230] converted from billion kWh to MWh and extrapolating to 2050 by taking a yearly increment that is computed as the average slope between 2030 and 2035 gasoline and diesel in 2020 rows table 11 of reference case in [230] converted from million barrels/day to gal/yr gasoline and diesel in 2050 rows table 11 of reference case in [230] converted from million barrels/day to gal/yr and extrapolating to 2050 by taking a yearly increment that is computed as the average slope between 2030 and 2035 bunker fuel in 2020 row sum of all residual fuel oil used for domestic and international shipping and military use in table 46 of reference case in [230] converted from trillion BTU to GDE/yr using table 147 of [230] bunker fuel in 2050 row sum of all residual fuel oil used for domestic and international shipping and military use in table 46 of reference case in [230] converted from trillion BTU to GDE/yr using table 147 of [230] and extrapolating to 2050 by taking a yearly increment that is computed as the average slope between 2030 and 2035 jet fuel, biodiesel and other biomass-derived fuels in 2020 rows table 11 of reference case in [230] converted from million barrels/day to GDE/yr using table 147 of [230] jet fuel, biodiesel and other biomass-derived fuels in 2050 rows table 11 of reference case in [230] converted from million barrels/day to GDE/yr using table 147 of [230]and extrapolating to 2050 by taking a yearly increment that is computed as the average slope between 2030 and 2035 E85 in 2020 row table 11 of reference case in [230] converted from million barrels/day to GGE/yr using table 147 of [230] E85 in 2050 row table 11 of reference case in [230] converted from million barrels/day to GGE/yr using table 147 of [230] and extrapolating to 2050 by taking a yearly increment that is computed as the average slope between 2030 and 2035 -
Table 3.9. 2020 Electricity Costs by Technology
fixed charge rate and heat rate columns reference case in [230] fixed operation and maintenance and variable O and M columns reference case in [230] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] nuclear, coal, natural gas- closed cycle, natural gas- combustion turbine, biopower, wind, PV and CSP rows; capital net commodity index column reference case in [230] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] and adjusted so that the commodity index equals one nuclear, coal, natural gas- closed cycle, natural gas- combustion turbine, other RE and biopower rows; maximum annual capacity factor column [724] wind row; maximum annual capacity factor column class 4 wind resource from reference case in [230] PV and CSP rows; maximum annual capacity factor column based on the straight average across all regions in EIA’s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), as used in [230] other RE row; capital net commodity index column [56] -
Table 3.10. 2050 Electricity Costs by Technology
fixed charge rate and heat rate columns year 2035 from reference case in [230] fixed operation and maintenance and variable O and M columns year 2035 from reference case in [230] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] nuclear, coal, natural gas- closed cycle, natural gas- combustion turbine, biopower, wind, PV and CSP rows; capital net commodity index column year 2035 from reference case in [230] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218]and adjusted so that the commodity index equals one nuclear, coal, natural gas- closed cycle, natural gas- combustion turbine, other RE and biopower rows; maximum annual capacity factor column [724] wind row; maximum annual capacity factor column class 4 wind resource in year 2035 from reference case in [230] PV and CSP rows; maximum annual capacity factor column based on the straight average across all regions in EIA’s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) in 2035, as used in [230] other RE row; capital net commodity index column [56] -
Table 3.11. Fossil-Fuel and Uranium Prices
2020 rows; price column reference case in [230] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218] 2050 rows; price column reference case in [230] converted to 2005 chained dollars using [218]and using extrapolations from 2025 to 2035 for 2050 data elasticity column [724]
-
Figure 3.1. 2020 Supply Curves
-
4. Results from Runs
-
Figure 4.1. 2020 Gasoline LCOE
gasoline bar Table 3.7 of [703] corn ethanol, cell. ethanol, corn butanol, cell butanol and pyr. gas bars calculated using elements from Table 3.5 of [703] -
Figure 4.2. 2050 Gasoline LCOE
gasoline bar Table 3.7 of [703] corn ethanol, cell. ethanol, corn butanol, cell butanol and pyr. gas bars calculated using elements from Table 3.6 of [703] -
Figure 4.3. 2020 Diesel LCOE
diesel, jet and bunker bars Table 3.7 of [703] pyr. diesel, algal diesel, FT diesel and soy biodiesel bars calculated using elements from Table 3.5 of [703] -
Figure 4.4. 2050 Diesel LCOE
diesel, jet and bunker bars Table 3.7 of [703] pyr. diesel, algal diesel, FT diesel and soy biodiesel bars calculated using elements from Table 3.6 of [703] -
Figure 4.5. 2020 Electricity LCOE
all data calculated using elements from Table 3.9 of [703] -
Figure 4.6. 2050 Electricity LCOE
all data calculated using elements from Table 3.10 of [703] -
Figure 4.7. 2020 Biomass Market Share
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.8. 2050 Biomass Market Share
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.9. 2020 Electric Market Share
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 4.10. 2050 Electric Market Share
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 4.11. 2020 Carbon Prices Effect on Natural Gas and Coal
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.12. 2050 Carbon Prices Effect on Natural Gas and Coal
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.13. 2020 Biofuel Production
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.14. 2050 Biofuel Production
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.15. 2020 Biomass Consumption by Market
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.16. 2050 Biomass Consumption by Market
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.17. 2020 Biomass Consumption by Fuel
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.18. 2050 Biomass Consumption by Fuel
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.19. 2020 Biomass Consumption by Feedstock
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.20. 2050 Biomass Consumption by Feedstock
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.21. 2020 Forest Residue Supply Curve
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 4.22. 2020 Fuels GHG Emissions
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.23. 2020 Electric GHG Emissions
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.24. 2050 Fuels GHG Emissions
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.25. 2050 Electric GHG Emissions
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.26. 2020 WTW Petroleum Use by Market
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.27. 2020 WTW Petroleum Use by Fuel
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.28. 2050 WTW Petroleum Use by Market
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 4.29. 2050 WTW Petroleum Use by Fuel
all data results from runs of [9]
-
Figure 4.1. 2020 Gasoline LCOE
-
5. Sensitivity Results
-
Figure 5.1. Low Biopower Cost 2020 - Biomass Consumption
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.2. Low Biopower Cost 2020 - Market Share
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.3. Low Heat Rate 2050 - Biomass Consumption
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.4. Low Heat Rate 2050 - Market Share
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.5. CCS 2050 - Market Share
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.6. CCS 2050 - Biomass Consumption
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.7. CCS 2050 - Biofuel Production
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.8. CCS 2050 - Emissions
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.9. CCS 2050 - Petroleum Use
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.10. No Pyrolysis 2050 - Biomass Consumption
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 5.11. No Pyrolysis 2050 - Biofuel Production
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.12. No Pyrolysis 2050 - Emissions
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.13. No Pyrolysis 2050 - Petroleum Use
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.14. High Corn and Soy Prices 2020 - Biomass Consumption
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.15. High Corn and Soy Prices 2020 - Biofuel Production
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.16. High Corn and Soy Prices 2020 - Emissions
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.17. High Corn and Soy Prices 2020 - Petroleum Use
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.18. High Biomass Prices 2020 - Biomass Consumption
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.19. High Biomass Prices 2020 - Biofuel Production
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.20. High Ag Residue and Switchgrass Prices 2020 - Biomass Consumption
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.21. High Natural Gas Price 2020 - Market Share
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.22. High Natural Gas Prices 2020 - Biofuel Production
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.23. High Natural Gas Prices 2020 - Emissions
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.24. Low Oil Prices 2020 - Biofuel Production
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.25. Low Oil Price 2020 - Biomass Consumption
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 5.26. Low Oil Price 2020 - Market Share
all data results from runs of [9] -
Figure 5.27. Low Oil Prices 2020 - Emissions
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 5.28. Low Oil Price 2020 - Petroleum Use
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Table 5.1. 2050 CCS Costs
coal-IGCC-CCS and NG-IGCC-CCS rows [230] bio-CCS row calculated using the "coal" element from Table 3.9 and "coal-IGCC-CCS" element from Table 5.1 of [703]
-
Figure 5.1. Low Biopower Cost 2020 - Biomass Consumption
- 6. Proposed Improvements
- 7. Conclusions
- A. Appendices
-
Built Environment
- 1. Introduction
-
2. Urban Form Characterization
-
Table 2.1. Sprawl Indicators
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-
Table 2.1. Sprawl Indicators
-
3. Urban Form Impacts
-
Figure 3.1. VKT per Capita versus Urban Density
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Figure 3.2. Car Ownership versus Urban Density
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Figure 3.3. Vehicle Trips per Capita versus Income
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Figure 3.4. Comparison CO2 Rates for Driving
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Table 3.1. Annual VMT per Capita
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Table 3.2. Comparison Land Use and GHG Reduction
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Table 3.3. Mode Share by Census Tract Density
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Table 3.4. VMT Elasticities for Built Environment Variables
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Table 3.5. Water and Sewer Costs per New Dwelling Unit
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Table 3.6. Local Road Costs per Person
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Table 3.7. Unit Residential Costs by Density Group
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-
Figure 3.1. VKT per Capita versus Urban Density
-
4. Analysis Methods
-
Table 4.1. Summary Tools Methods for Urban Form
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-
Table 4.1. Summary Tools Methods for Urban Form
-
5. Urban Form Factor Influence
-
Table 5.1. Projected Housing Demand 2025 versus 2003
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-
Table 5.1. Projected Housing Demand 2025 versus 2003
-
6. Federal Action Influence
-
Table 6.1. The Top 10 American Metropolis Influences
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Table 6.2. Examples of Existing Federal Actions
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Table 6.3. Assessment Federal Policy Program Options
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Table 6.4. Opportunity Matrix Built Environment Strategies
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-
Table 6.1. The Top 10 American Metropolis Influences
- 7. Needed Analysis to Understand Changes
- 8. Conclusions
-
LDV Non-Cost Barriers
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Non-cost Adoption Barrier Types
- 3. Quantifying Non-cost Barrier Approach
-
4. Noncost Barriers Values
-
Figure 4.1. Implied value and Compensating variation for vehicle range increase
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Table 4.1. Ranking of Barriers by Severity
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-
Figure 4.1. Implied value and Compensating variation for vehicle range increase
- 5. Non-cost Barrier Policies
-
6. Conclusions
-
Table 6.1. Non-Cost Barriers by Severity and Effectiveness
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-
Table 6.1. Non-Cost Barriers by Severity and Effectiveness
-
Technology Deployment
- 1. Introduction
-
2. Technology Penetration Rate
-
Figure B-1. Theoretical Market Penetration Curve
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Figure 2.1. Market Growth Rate between Regulated/Non-regulated
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Figure 2.2. Technology Penetration after Introduction
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Figure 2.3. Sales, stock, VMT for new technology - VISION model
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 2.4. Timeline Major Vehicle Technology Rollout
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 2.5. LDV hydrogen FCV Sale Scenarios
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 2.6. HyTrans Vehicle Technology Market Shares
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information. -
Figure 2.7. 80% GHG Reduction Scenario - CA LDV Fleet
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Table 2.1. Time Scales for Technology Impact
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Table 2.2. Pathways for Max Technology Penetration Rates
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Table 2.3. Revised Max Technology Penetration Rates
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-
Figure B-1. Theoretical Market Penetration Curve
-
3. Business Case Technology Scenario
-
Figure B-2. WACC Automotive Industry
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Figure 3.1. Simulated FCV Cash Flow - No Policy Case
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Figure 3.2. Decision tree Option to Abandon
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Figure 3.3. Input Investments Decision Tree
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Figure 3.4. Input CFs Decision Tree
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Figure 3.5. Input Terminal Values Decision Tree
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Figure 3.6. Assign Values Decision Tree
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Figure 3.7. Low/High Volume Vehicle Decision Tree
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Figure 3.8. Input Investments Decision Tree
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Figure 3.9. Input Revenue CFs Decision Tree
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Figure 3.10. Input terminal values to end branch Decision Tree
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Figure 3.11. Assign Values Decision Tree
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Table 3.1. Cash Flow Table for Option to Abandon Case
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Table 3.2. Required Investments for low/high-volume model
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Table 3.3. Low/high-volume model net cash flows
Provenance information is currently not available for this figure or table. Please see the full report for more information.
-
Figure B-2. WACC Automotive Industry
-
4. Future Work
-
Table 4.1. Lithium Ion Capital Costs
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-
Table 4.1. Lithium Ion Capital Costs
- 5. Final Comments
-
Travel Reduction
-
1. Introduction
-
Table 1.1. Efficient Driving
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-
Table 1.1. Efficient Driving
- 2. Travel Choice Factors
-
3. Predictive Methods
-
Table 3.1. Predictive Methods by Strategy
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-
Table 3.1. Predictive Methods by Strategy
- 4. Strategy Review
-
5. Strategy Impacts
-
Table 5.1. Strategy Impacts
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Table 5.2. VMT Reduction
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Table 5.3. CO2 Reduction
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Table 5.4. Fuel Savings
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-
Table 5.1. Strategy Impacts
-
6. Federal Actions
-
Table 6.1. Federal Actions
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Table 6.2. Opportunity Matrix
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Table 6.3. Strategy Assessment
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-
Table 6.1. Federal Actions
-
7. Needed Research and Analysis
-
Table 7.1. Research Needs
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-
Table 7.1. Research Needs
-
8. Conclusions
-
Table 8.1. Strategy Impacts and Opportunities
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-
Table 8.1. Strategy Impacts and Opportunities
- A. Appendix
-
1. Introduction
Provenance Information
Item | Provenance |
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[32] Agricultural Policy
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[56] Augustine, Chad; Young,
Katherine R.; Anderson, Arlene. (2010). Updated U.S. Geothermal
Supply Curve. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
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[82] Benson, Geoff; Bullen, Gary. (2007). Break-Even Soybean and Corn Harvesting Yields.NC State University and NC A&T State University Cooperative Extension. | |
[88] “GREET Model: The Greenhouse
Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation.”.
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[204] Davis, Ryan; Aden, Andy;
Pienkos, Philip T. (2011). “Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic
microalgae for fuel production.” Applied Energy (88:); pp.
3524-3531. ![]() |
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[218] Development. (2010). “Main Economic Indicators - complete database.” (2010: | |
[229] (DOE), U.S. Energy
Information Administration. (2010c). Renewable Energy
Consumption and Electricity Preliminary Statistics 2009.
Washington, DC.
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[230] (DOE), U.S. Energy
Information Administration. (2011a). Annual Energy Outlook 2011
with Projections to 2035. Washington, DC.
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